2012年同等学力英语辅导写作指南

根据《在职人员以研究生毕业同等学力申请硕士学位外国语课程水平统一考试大纲》的规定，要求考生具备一定的写作能力，在30分钟内按要求写出一篇100～120词的短文，形式可以是按所给的提纲写短文，或描述图表，写内容提要、概述等。本题15分。

一、评分标准

写作评分标准主要围绕四个方面评判：1.内容要切题；2.能正确表达思想；3.意义连贯；4.无重大语法错误。批改作文时，主要从内容和语言两个方面进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，和语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍有密切的关系。下面就评分标准的四个方面分别加以说明。

(一)内容切题

在目前常见的作文题目中，内容切题一般包括两个方面。一是写作内容要围绕题目规定的话题展开。比如"A Fiveday Week"(五天工作制)，文章的内容应围绕五天工作制进行论述，与其无关的内容，当以跑题论处，但此种现象并不多见。其二，在有些作文题中还包括提纲如：

Fire Accidents in Big Cities

Outline：

1.Present Situation

2.Causes

3.Measures

这种带提纲的作文题目不仅要求考生根据标题写作，而且要根据提纲规定的内容和范围展开各个段落，不能按自己的思路发挥。考生在这方面出的问题比较多。如1994年考研作文题是：On Making Friends(论交友)，其三段的提纲分别是：1.The need for friends 2.True Friendship 3.My principle in making friends。第三段的提纲要求考生围绕我交友的原则进行议论，然而有个别考生在段中这样写道：

The former paragraph has shown my principle in making friends in some way.Furthermore,what I want to say is that one good friend is enough.该考生把应放在第三段中论述的内容写在第二段中，第三段就没内容可写了。这类命题作文要求考生按规定和要求写作，不能按自己的想法随意更改，写上段作文的考生不仅第三段没有扣题，第二段也没有做到内容切题。一篇内容切题的作文应能既围绕题目，又能在各段扣准提纲，才真正符合内容切题的要求。下面这一段是另一学生的作文，都是第三段，内容切题，恰当地扣住我交友的原则"的写作要求：

When I choose friends,I do not care what work they do or what social background they are from,but I do notice those little things which reveal one's characters.I would make sure that we really care for each other,so that no matter how much time goes by without seeing each other,I know my friends will always be there,ready to help if I need them,And I know we are true friends indeed.

(二)能正确地表达思想

一篇好短文能使读者一目了然。文章的思路应清楚，逻辑性强，能准确表达作者的思想。请对比下面两段：

Have you a bike?Taking a bike is a good way,most people think.But in university it seems not as good as other places.Bikes are possible to be stolen now and then.Having a bike isn't always good enough for us to buy

one.

上段作者的思路紊乱不清，字里行间不仅有许多语病，而且也没能把思想表达清楚。读后仍不知作者在表达什么思想、观点，因而这样的段落只能得0分。请看下段：

It is very convenient to use bikes in China.Bikes don'need fuel,nor a garage or a large parking lot.Bikes can go through narrow streets and their prices are low.So bikes are the most popular vehicles in China today.

上段的作者以其简单的词汇、简洁的语言、清楚的思路正确地表达了思想，使读者观后能即刻领会作者的思想。

要能正确地表达思想，考生还应掌握一些写作技巧，如写好段落主题句，展开段落的方法，写好段尾句等。此外还应掌握一定的词汇量和习惯表达法。

(三)意义连贯

文章的层次要分明，条理要清楚，上下文之间、词与词、句与句之间要上下连贯，前后呼应，才能使文章结构严谨，思路清晰、有条理。

下面这个段落是一篇文章的第三段。文章的标题是：Good Health；提纲是1.Importance of good health；2.Ways to keep fit；3.My own practice。根据第三段的提纲"我的做法"，一个考生这样写：

I don't eat meat much.Every morning I take the long run and in my spare time I like playing tennis and volleyball.In this way I keep good health and lead a happy life.

上段基本切题，包括提纲要点，表达也基本清楚，但是表达不够连贯。第一句话让人读起来感觉有些突然，分析第一句，作者没有把意思表达清楚，作者我吃肉不多"一定含有这样的意思：我饮食素淡，吃蔬菜水果多，吃肉少。如果能把这层意思写出来，文章的连贯性也就体现出来了。作者的第二句是从体育锻炼方面来表明自己是如何保持健康的，这应是本段中的又一层意思，在这里如能加一个过渡词，会使文章过渡自然流畅。请看下面经过修改的段落：

As for me( ……此处隐藏774个字……ell.The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patiens;it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of "defen sive medicine",and thus it injures,in turn,the entire medical profession.

3.依据比较和对比法进行论述

一般地说，比较是指对事物的相同方面进行比较；对比是指对比事物的差异或不同方面。下面两段就采用了对比方法。这两段将口头英语与书面英语的不同方面作了比较，两段的观点都一一对应，比如：Oral English is imformal while written English is comparatively formal就是一对观点的对比。另外，两段之间用unlike oral Englsh承接，既让段落过渡自然，又使对比强烈。

First of all,oral English is usually considered informal.So no matter how poor one's language is and how strange and foreign one's pronunciation is,it seems insignificant if only one can make his audience understood.Secondly,as to the audience,they are only interested in grasping the meaning,not actually mind,or even hardly notice how many grammatical mistakes the speaker makes.Furthermore,oral English is also regarded adaptable.When we cannot express something precisely,we may give the explanation of it instead,or correct the mistakes on the spot.So oral English gives less chances of misunderstanding.

Unlike oral English,written English is comparatively formal.It requires good spelling and perfect grammar.Poor spelling and too many grammatical mistakes will put readers in a puzzling difficulty.They would be confused about what writers are getting at.In addition,once the words are printed on the paper and handed to whoever the person concerned,writers can no longer make any changes.To avoid this,one has to pay much attention to spelling,practise grammer and write clearly-constructed paragraphs.As a result it will take longer time and much more efforts to communicate in written English than in oral English.

4.依据时间的先后进行论述

依据时间的先后次序展开段落，就是完全按照事物实际发展的时间先后进行论述。如：下面两段就是以时间为序介绍鹿的生长过程。随着夏季一天天过去，又随着秋去冬来，鹿的新陈代谢也随着季节的推移而变化。

As the summer progresses and the fawns grow,they become less dependent on their mother's milk and more dependent on growing plants as food sources.The adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting fat.Both males and females continue to eat high quality food in the fall insgroupsto deposit body fat for the winter.In the case of does and fawns,a great deal of energy is expended either in milk production or in growing,and fat is

not accumulated as quickly as it is in full grown males.Fat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow. As fall turnssintoswinter,other changes take place.Fawns lose their spotted coat.Hair on all the deer becomes darker and thicker.The change in the hair coats is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December when winter becomes cold.

5.依据空间顺序展开段落

依据空间的次序进行论述应是有序地由远至近或由近至远，由上至下或由下至上对事物进行描写。下面的例子描写了一幅美丽宁静的夜景。作者先描写空中的月亮，再随洒向大地的月光写到湖四周随风摇曳的树枝，又由青蛙的叫声把读者引到了湖的中央，最后结尾讲：这是一个多么迷人的夜晚。这个段落文字简洁流畅，有序地按空间顺序由上写到下，由外写到里。读者可在平时的练习中注意模仿。